# Activities of CMES Community at 2008 MESA Annual Meeting November 05, 2008 Be sure to see CMES graduate students, faculty, alumni,visiting fellows, and past affiliates at this year's MESA Annual Meeting. Members of our community will participate in over 30 panels over the four-day conference. CMES names are in boldface below for easy reference. For further information about the locations of these panels, visit the MESA website. MESA ANNUAL MEETING November 22-25, 2008 Marriot Wardman Park, Washington, DC Session I Saturday, November 22 5:00pm-7:00pm **(P022) Discourses on Legal Traditions and Practices in Modern Morocco** Organized by **Etty Terem** Chair/Discussant: Wilfrid J. Rollman, Wellesley College Wilfrid J. Rollman, Wellesley College–The Ministry of Complaints and the Administration of Justice in Pre-Colonial Morocco **Etty Terem**, Harvard University–The New Mi’yar of al-Wazzani: Asserting Maliki Legal Tradition in an Age of Reform **Jessica Marglin**, Princeton University–An Unheeded Discourse: French Ethnography and the Berber Dahir, 1915-1930 Brinkley Messick, Columbia University–The Maghrebi Method in Jurisprudence: Readings in Jacques Berque (P101) Ottoman Transformations through WWI and the End of Imperial World Order Organized by Halit Akarca and **Cemil Aydin** Chair: Yucel Yanikdag, University of Richmond Discussant: Howard Eissenstat, Seton Hall University Mustafa Aksakal, American University–The Meaning of Jihad in 1914 Halit Akarca, Princeton University–Clash of Legitimacies: Ottoman and Russian Empires in the First World War **Cemil Aydin**, University of North Carolina at Charlotte–Ottoman Transformations through WWI and the End of Imperial World Order Session II Sunday, November 23 8:30am-10:30am **(P053) Slaves and Freedmen/Women in Nineteenth Century Egypt** Organized by Kenneth M. Cuno Chair: **Arthur Goldschmidt**, Penn State University Discussant: Khaled Fahmy, New York University Emad Helal, Suez Canal University–Mohamed Ali’s First Army: The Trials of Building a Complete Slave Army 1820-1824 KennethM. Cuno, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign–African Slaves inNineteenth Century Rural Egypt: a Preliminary Assessment Terry Walz,American University in Cairo–Habashis, Sudanese, Barabra and Egyptians:Living Patterns in Nineteenth-Century Cairo as Shown in the 1847 Census Liat Kozma, Hebrew University–Black, Kinless and Hungry: Manumitted Female Slaves in Khedival Egypt **EveM. Troutt Powell**, University of Pennsylvania–Slaves’ Bodies, Capturedon Film: Photographing Sudanese Slaves in Egypt and Sudan **(P129) Informality, Persistence, and Political Change in the Middle East** Organized by **Wendy Pearlman** Chair: Steven Heydemann, US Institute of Peace Discussant: Tarek Masoud, Yale University DianeSingerman, American University–Informal Networks Revisited: TheNormative Positioning of Informality and Questions of Efficacy inCollective Life **Wendy Pearlman**, Northwestern University–Emigration as an Informal Political Mechanism: The Case of Lebanon Manal A. Jamal, James Madison University–Globalization, Migration and Tiered-Citizenship in the UAE Bassam Haddad, George Mason University–The Role of Informal State-Business Networks in Resilient Authoritarianism in Syria **(P005) SERMEISS in the Field: Heritage and Identity from Casablanca to Cairo** Organized by Lisa Pollard Sponsored by the Southeast Regional Middle East and Islamic Studies Seminar Chair: Curtis R. Ryan, Appalachian State University Discussant: Lisa Pollard, University of North Carolina, Wilmington **Robert Hunter**, Indiana State University–Marketing Exotica: Edith Wharton and Tourism in French Morocco, 1917-1919 Donald M. Reid, Georgia State University–Hassan and Sami Gabra: The Politics of Egyptian Egyptology in the Semi-Colonial Age, 1922-56 James A. Miller, Clemson University–Being Out There: Directing CEMAT, 2003-2006 **Caroline Williams**, Independent Scholar–The Historic Cairo Restoration Program (HCRP): Recent Observations Session III Sunday, November 23 11:00am-1:00pm **(NP32) Marriage and the Family: Case Studies** Chair: **Angel M. Foster**, Ibis Reproductive Health Sara Pursley, CUNY Graduate Center–Family, Sexuality and the Uses of Time: The Iraqi Personal Status Law of 1959 MartinLatreille, Institute de Recherche sur le Maghreb Contemporain–What IfThere Were No Lineages?: FBD and 'Close' Marriage in a Tunisian PeasantCommunity Heidi Morrison, UC Santa Barbara–The Race to Become anAdult versus the Child Entering the Psychological Family: ChangingNotions of Childrearing and National Identity in Egypt, 1900-1950 Bat-Zion Eraqi-Klorman, Open University of Israel–Jewish Polygamy in Yemen and in Palestine **(P014) Café Riche: Reflections on 100 Years of a Modern Egyptian History** Organized by **Roger Owen** Chair: **Roger Owen**, Harvard University DinaK. Hussein, Georgetown University–Reading Modernity through Café Riche(1908-): Serving Modernity, Catering to the Intellectuals and Closed tothe Masses Alia Mossallam, American University in Cairo–Making Senseof the 1960s: Riche as a Space for the Construction of an AlternativeNational Imagination in Egypt Yassmin Ahmed, American University in Cairo–Post-1990s Riche: A Story of Cultural Heritization HodaBaraka, American University in Cairo and Mohamed Fahmy Menza, AmericanUniversity in Cairo–Downtown Cairo and Cafe Riche: The Sailing Vessel Lina Attalah, American University in Cairo–Remembering Riche: An Oral History Perspective **(P016-I) Authoritarianism, Opposition and Elections in the Middle East, Part I: Electoral Authoritarianism in the Middle East** Organized by Nathan J. Brown and **Lisa Blaydes** Chair: **Lisa Blaydes**, Stanford University Discussant: Samer Shehata, Georgetown University Lindsay Benstead, Princeton University–Legislative Representation as Bargaining in Multiple Arenas: How Incumbent Preferences Shape Member Behavior Nathan J. Brown, George Washington University–Elections without Democracy: Semiauthoritarianism and Voting in the Arab World **Tarek Masoud**, Harvard University–Why Do Important Social Movements Seek Representation in Powerless Legislatures? Ellen Lust-Okar, Yale University–The Impact of Elections on Social Organization in the MENA **(P111) Arts of the Book in the Islamic World: Rethinking Categories** Organized by **Emine Fetvaci**, Boston University Sponsored by the Historians of Islamic Art Association Chair: **Persis Berlekamp**, University of Chicago Christiane J. Gruber, Indiana University at Bloomington–Questioning the “Classical” in Persian Painting: Models and Problems of Definition Aysin Yoltar-Yildirum–Ottoman or Safavid: Examining Qurans Endowed by Selim II and Rustem Pasha Nina Ergin, Koc University–Rock Faces, Opium and Wine: The Consumption of Persian Manuscripts as a Category of Inquiry Session IV Sunday, November 23 2:00pm-4:00pm **(P008) Creating Justice: Law and Court Procedure in the Ottoman Empire, Part I Organized by Elyse Semerdjian and Bogac Ergene** Chair/Discussant: **Kristen Stilt**, Northwestern University BogacErgene, University of Vermont–Ottoman Court between History andAnthropology: A Re-Evaluation of Ottoman Legal Practice with Referenceto Eighteenth-Century Kastamonu Court Records **Najwa Al-Qattan**,Loyola Marymount University–Qist: Justice or Installment? The Inventionof a Mulberry-Flavored Legal Practice in Nineteenth Century Beirut Elyse Semerdjian, Whitman College–Making a Case: Public Morality and Community Justice in Ottoman Aleppo, Syria **RichardWittmann**, Harvard University–Choosing One’s Justice in 17th CenturyIstanbul: Armenians, Greeks and Jews before Qadi and Grand Vizier **Hülya Canbakal**, Sabanci University–Between Law and Custom at the Court of Kayseri (~1650-1800): ‘Public’ Will and Opinion EyalGinio, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem–Representations and the Useof Violence in Ottoman Courts: The Case of Eighteenth-Century Salonica Yaron Ben-Naeh, The Hebrew University– Jews at the Kadi’s Court **(P079)New Studies in Palestinian Society and Economy: A Panel in Honor ofRosemary and Yusif Sayigh** (Note: this is a two-part panel that will rununtil 6:00pm) Organized by Rochelle Davis, Georgetown University, Jennifer Olmsted, and Beshara Doumani Sponsored by the Palestinian American Research Center Part I Chair: **Roger Owen**, Harvard University Discussant: Jennifer Olmsted, Drew University LeilaFarsakh, University of Massachusetts, Boston– Revisiting thePalestinian Economy after 40 Years of Occupation: The Legacy of YusifSayigh’s Works Basel Saleh, Radford University–An Analysis of the Palestinian Fiscal Situation: Challenges and Consequences SamiaAl-Botmeh, Birzeit University–Labour Market Gender-DifferentiatedImpact of Israeli Movement Restrictions in the West Bank and Gaza Strip Part II Chair: Julie Peteet, University of Louisville Discussant: **Beshara Doumani**, UC Berkeley Randa Farah, University of Western Ontario–Refugee Camps and the Shifting Political Landscape IsabelleHumphries, St. Mary’s College, University of Surrey, UK–Homeless in theHomeland: Survival Narratives of Internal Refugees under Military Rulein Nazareth 1948-1966 **Diana Allan**, Harvard University–“Nar Taht Al-Ramade” \[Fire under Ash\]: Remembering the Fall of Tel a’Zaatar **(P087) Engendering Equality in the Ahmadinejad Era: The One Million Signatures Campaign** Organized **Hamideh Sedghi** Chair: Hamideh Sedghi, Harvard University Discussant: Ali Akbar Mahdi, Ohio Wesleyan University Elham Gheytanchi, Santa Monica College– One Million Signatures Campaign: A New Strategy at the Right Time Ali Akbar Mahdi, Ohio Wesleyan University–Where Does the One Million Signatures Campaign Fit in the Iranian Women’s Movement? SussanTahmesbi, Independent Scholar–Building Alliances for Gender Equality inIran: The Case of the One Million Signatures Campaign **Hamideh Sedghi**, Harvard University–Cyber-Feminism: The Latest Stage of Women’s Activism in Iran FatemehHaghighatjoo, University of Connecticut–The One Million SignaturesCampaign and Its Impact on Legislators and Legislative Policy in Iran FatemehSadeghi, Islamic Azad University at Karaj, Iran– From Political toSocial Feminism: Women’s Movement in the Post- Reform Era in Iran **(P095) A History of the Real World: Realism and the Visual Arts in Egypt and Lebanon** Organized by **Raja Adal** and Sarah Rogers **JenniferPruitt**, Harvard University–Reconsidering Realism in Early Fatimid Art:The Fatimid Luster Workshop of Muslim bin al-Dahhan Dina A. Ramadan, Columbia University–Evaluating Real Images: Early Egyptian Art Criticism and the Pursuit of Realism RajaAdal, Harvard University–Reality and Unreality in Egyptian PrimarySchool Drawing Classes during the First Half of the Twentieth Century Stephen Sheehi, University of South Carolina–“It’s Like Really Being There”: al-Nahdah, Ideology and the Photographic Aesthetic Sarah Rogers, MIT–Daoud Corm, Realism, and the Origins of Lebanese Art **(P004) The Forbidden, the Permitted and the Contested: Aspects of Moroccan Culture and Politics** Organized by **Bruce Maddy-Weitzman** Sponsored by the American Institute for Maghreb Studies Chair: Michael J. Willis, St. Antonys College, Oxford University Discussant: Daniel Zisenwine, Tel Aviv University Oumelbanine Zhiri, UC San Diego Eccentric Bodies: Leo Africanus and Homosexuality Samir Ben-Layashi, Tel-Aviv University Writing the Moroccan Body in the Colonial Era **Bruce Maddy-Weitzman**, Tel Aviv University Revisiting Oufkir: The Makhzen, the Moroccan Left, and the Amazigh Movement Session V Sunday, November 23 4:30pm-6:30pm **(NP04) New Perspectives on the Early Modern** Chair: Colin Paul Mitchell, Dalhousie University AliBakr Hassan, Brown University–A Turning Point in Bridging IntellectualGaps Between the West and Middle East in Early Modern Europe **Emire Cihan Muslu**, University of Texas at Dallas–The Road to Peace: Ottoman-Mamluk Treaty in 1491 Nabil I. Matar, Florida Institute of Technology–The Maritime Decline of the Maghrib in the Early Modern Period StephenCory, Cleveland State University–Recovering Al-Andalus: A SixteenthCentury Plan for a Joint English-Moroccan Invasion of Spain **(P008-II) Creating Justice: Law and Court Procedure in the Ottoman Empire, Part II** Organized by Elyse Semerdjian and Bogac Ergene Chair/Discussant: **Kristen Stilt**, Northwestern University BogacErgene, University of Vermont–Ottoman Court between History andAnthropology: A Re-Evaluation of Ottoman Legal Practice with Referenceto Eighteenth-Century Kastamonu Court Records **Najwa Al-Qattan**,Loyola Marymount University–Qist: Justice or Installment? The Inventionof a Mulberry-Flavored Legal Practice in Nineteenth Century Beirut Elyse Semerdjian, Whitman College–Making a Case: Public Morality and Community Justice in Ottoman Aleppo, Syria **RichardWittmann**, Harvard University–Choosing One’s Justice in 17th CenturyIstanbul: Armenians, Greeks and Jews before Qadi and Grand Vizier **Hülya Canbakal**, Sabanci University–Between Law and Custom at the Court of Kayseri (~1650-1800): ‘Public’ Will and Opinion EyalGinio, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem–Representations and the Useof Violence in Ottoman Courts: The Case of Eighteenth-Century Salonica Yaron Ben-Naeh, The Hebrew University– Jews at the Kadi’s Court **(P132) Revising Islamic Legal Historiography** Organized Lena Salaymeh Sponsored by Middle East Medievalists Chair/Discussant: **Ahmad Atif Ahmad**, UC Santa Barbara Amr Osman, Princeton University–Was Dawud al-Zahiri a Member of the Ahl al-Ra’y? Behnam Sadeghi, Stanford University–On the Interplay between Laws and Their Reasons in a Legal Tradition **Ahmed El Shamsy**, Harvard University–The Origins of Crypto-Shafi’ism among Malikis Lena Salaymeh, UC Berkeley–Myths of ‘Islamic Law’ and False Origins Session VI Monday, November 24 8:30am-10:30am **(P083) Diversity and Dissent in Islamic legal Interpretation** Organized by Intisar A. Rabb Chair: Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, Harvard University **Ahmad Atif Ahmad**, UC Santa Barbara–The Method and Juristic Project of Ibn ‘Abidin of Damascus (1784-1836) NajamHaider, Georgetown University–The Specifics of Prayer: A Case Study in the Interplay of Exegesis and Ritual law in Imami Juristic Thought Intisar A. Rabb, Princeton University–Legal Maxims and Hudud Laws: The Islamic Rule of Lenity **Kristen Stilt**, Northwestern University–Islamic Legal Interpretation and the Case of the Dog Session VII Monday, November 24 11:00am-1:00pm **(P020) Ottoman Identity: from Osman to the Young Turks** Organized by Christine Isom-Verhaaren Chair/Discussant: Howard Eissenstat, Seton Hall University Linda T. Darling, University of Arizona–Ottoman Identity in the Formative Period Christine Isom-Verhaaren, Benedictine University–The Ethnic Identity of Ottoman Naval Forces in the 15th and 16th Centuries **KarenA. Leal**, St. John’s University–Alexander Mavrocordatos and DimitrieCantemir: Orthodox Christian Ottomans or Ottoman Orthodox Christians? KentF. Schull, University of Memphis–Conceptualizing Difference during thelate Ottoman Empire: The Committee of Union and Progress and its AnnualPrison Population Surveys **(P110) Rethinking ‘Ilm: Science and Society in Egypt and Syria, 1875-1950** Organized by Matthew H. Ellis Chair/Discussant: Israel Gershoni, Tel Aviv University Aaron Jakes, New York University–‘The Duud Abides’: Colonial Power, Agricultural Science, and the War against Nature in Egypt Karam S. Nachar, Princeton University–Science and Politics in the Thought of Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar Matthew H. Ellis, Princeton University–Science, Society, and Struggle in the Writings of Ismail Mazhar **Leonard Wood**, Harvard University–Egyptian Legal Education and the Social Sciences Session VIII Monday, November 24 2:30pm-4:30pm **(NP31) Conflict, Diversity and Inclusion in Education** Chair: Minoo Derayeh, York University DanWalsh, Georgetown University–Exploring the Formative History ofPolitical Zionism (1897-1947) through Poster Art: A Curriculum Model **AngelM. Foster**, Ibis Reproductive Health–Reproductive Health and NursingEducation in Palestine: Identifying and Addressing Curricular Gaps miriamcooke, Duke University and Shai Ginsburg, Duke University–Teaching theLiterature and Cinema of the Palestine-Israel Conflict: A Report Nurten Kilic-Schubel, Kenyon College–Finding Their Voices: Women’s Writing and Culture in 19th Century Central Asia MayaRosenfeld, Truman Research Institute, Hebrew University–The Expansionof Higher Education in the Occupied Palestinian Territories in the Faceof Protracted Economic Social and Political Crisis **(P059) Medicine, Disease, and Public Health in Colonial North Africa: Morocco, Algeria, and Egypt** Organized by Jennifer Johnson Chair: James McDougall, SOAS, University of London Brock Cutler, UC Irvine–Disease, Surveillance, and Insurrection in Algeria, 1866-1871 JenniferJohnson, Princeton University–War and Medicine: Health Policy, HealthCare Services, and the Red Cross in the Algerian War for Independence,1954-1962 **Hannah-Louise Clark**, Princeton University– La SyphilisArabe of Georges Lacapére: A Medical Model and the Colonial Campaignagainst Syphilis in Morocco, 1916-1919 **Daniel Stolz**, Princeton University–“All Civilized Countries”: The Politics of Rabies Treatment in Egypt, 1885-1918 **(P077) After Arab-Jews: New Historical and Theoretical Perspectives** Organized by Moshe Behar Chair: Moshe Behar, University of Manchester Discussant: Joel Beinin, American University in Cairo Moshe Behar, University of Manchester–What’s in a Name? Terminological Formations and the Case for ‘Arabized Jews’ Zvi Ben-Dor, New York University–An Arab-Jew in Rome: A History in Three Acts **Emily Gottreich**, UC Berkeley–The Arabness of Maghribi Jews **Lital Levy**, Princeton University–The Creation of Arab Jewish Identity in the Mashriq, 1880-1950 Session IX Monday, November 24 5:00pm-7:00pm No participating CMES or Harvard affiliates Session X Tuesday, November 25 8:30am-10:30am **(P037) Memories and Narratives of Cosmopolitan North Africa** Organized by Mario Ruiz Chair: Shaun T. Lopez, University of Washington Shaun T. Lopez, University of Washington–Sport and the City: Cosmopolitan Leisure in Colonial Egypt **Mario Ruiz**, Hofstra University–Between Memory and Desire: Cosmopolitan Egypt and the Traffic in Women and Children KatarzynaPieprzak, Williams College–Lost Cosmopolitanism: Literary Recollectionsof Casablanca and Contemporary Migration Politics Elizabeth Crouch,University of Washington–In Search of Lost Algiers: The Pieds-Noirs andAnti-Cosmopolitanism in Colonialist Memory Session XI Tuesday, November 25 11:00am-1:00pm **(NP16) Religious Authority Contested (II)** Chair: Armando Salvatore, University of Naples - L’Orientale **Timothy J. Fitzgerald**, Rice University–To Kill a Judge: The Struggle to Make Mamluk Justice Ottoman in 16th-Century Aleppo Onder Kucukural, Sabanci University–Religion a la Turca: A Dynamic Approach to Religion in Turkey Rachel M. Scott, Virginia Tech–What Would the Islamists Do with Al-Azhar?: Religious Authority in an Islamic State ZackHeern, University of Utah–Laying Foundations for Orthodoxy: TheTransformation of Shi’i Islam during the Time of Vahid Buhbihani(1704-1791) Maryam Moazzen, University of Toronto–Dissemination ofKnowledge as Religious Duty: Modes of Transmission of RelgiousKnowledge in Safavid Educational Institutions **(NP17) Classical Texts** Chair: Ghada Jayyusi-Lehn, American University of Sharjah John Walbridge, Indiana University, Bloomington–Bookish Medicine: Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi’s Commentary on Ibn Sina’s Canon GurdofaridMiskinzoda, Institute of Ismaili Studies–On the Margins of Sira:Introducing the al-Zahr al-Basim of Mughulta’i (d.762/1361) TerenceJ. Kleven, Central Col–Averroës’ Defense of Religion in Kitab al-Kashf‘an Manahij al-Adilla fi ‘Aqa’id al-Milla (The Book of the Expositionof the Methods of Proofs in the Teachings of Religion) **A. David K.Owen**, Harvard University–An Overview of Logic in the Maghreb: WithSpecial Attention to Al-Akhdhari’s (d. 1546) Al-Sullam Al-Murawniq fi‘l-mantiq (The Splendid Ladder of Logic) Ghada Jayyusi-Lehn,American University of Sharjah–A Critique of Medieval Arabic Sources:The Case of Harun al-Rashid (170-193/786-809) and His Son al-Mu’tasim(218-227/833-842) **(P142) A Portfolio of Informed ASL Practices** Organized by **Lisa White** Chair: Lisa White, American University in Cairo **Lisa White**, American University in Cairo The Derivational System: A Strategic Element of Vocabulary Building in Elementary Modern Standard Arabic ImanAziz Soliman, American University in Cairo–The Use of Technology in ASLPractice: Teaching & Learning Vocabulary at the Novice andIntermediate Levels Laila Al-Sawi, American University in Cairo–Error Identification, Analysis, and Remedy in ASL Writing Classrooms KamalAlEkhanawy, American University in Cairo–Best Practices of UsingComputer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) to Enhance Linguistic Skillsin ASL Teaching Siham Serry, American University in Cairo–TeachingCulture in the Second Language Classroom: Integrating Culture into theCurriculum **(TC003) Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law in Egypt and Iran** Organized by Mirjam Künkler, Princeton University Mehrzad Boroujerdi, Syracuse University Samer Shehata, Georgetown University Farideh Farhi, University of Hawaii at Manoa Atef Said, University of Michigan **Mehrangiz Kar**, Harvard University Session XII Tuesday, November 25 1:30pm-3:30pm **(NP41) Authoritarianism and Opposition** Chair: Lizabeth Zack, University of South Carolina Upstate **Radwan Ziadeh**, Harvard University–Democratization and Political Division in the Middle East **SarahE. Yerkes**, Georgetown University–The Little Engine that Couldn’t?: TheInfluence of Civil Society on Elections in the Arab Middle East Mohamed Daadaoui, Oklahoma City University–The Authoritarian State in Morocco: Rituals of Power and the Islamist Challenge Hesham Sallam, Georgetown University–Political Opposition Cohesion and Internal Party Accountability in the Arab World CoryS. Julie, Georgetown University–Upgrading and Downgrading Arab CivilSociety: Problematizing Pro-Democracy Opposition Politics with Insightsfrom Egypt and Syria **(P001) The Kurdish Question and Its Perception by Turkish Nationalists** Organized by Hakan Yavuz Chair/Discussant: Hakan Özoglu, University of Central Florida Michael M. Gunter, Tennessee Technological University–Turgut Ozal and the Kurdish Question Hakan Yavuz, University of Utah–Re-Framing of the Kurdish Question **Umut Uzer**, Harvard University–Nihal Atsiz on Kurds and Islam **(P044) The Other Nasser Years: Local Recollections of an Un-mastered Past** Organized by Mohammad Salama Chair: Mohammad Salama, San Francisco State University Discussant: Jessica Winegar, Temple University Mohammad Salama, San Francisco State University–Public Voices: The Role of Radio in Nasser’s Egypt Kristin S. Tassin, University of Texas at Austin–Enter the Peasant: Local and Statist Historiographies of Modern Egypt **Lucia Volk**, San Francisco University–Other Memories of 1958: Nasserite Arabism and the Druzes in a Martyrs Cemetery in Lebanon --- Attachments- [ picture\_as\_pdf MESA%20participants%2008%20Final.pdf ](/sites/g/files/omnuum9116/files/MESA%2520participants%252008%2520Final_0.pdf) --- See also:- [ CMES News ](/news-type/cmes-news) Share on:- [ Facebook ](#) - [ Twitter ](#) - [ Linkedin ](#)